Deliberately omitting the names of project participants who made key contributions (Liège Univ). Also refer to the definition of Ghost author.

Willfully concealing conflicts of interests (Liège Univ.).

Denying due database access to authorized third parties (Liège Univ.).

Hiding conflicts of interest, financial deals or collaboration procedures that could, should they be disclosed, affect the interpretation of research findings (Liège Univ.).

Any situation of interference between a public interest and public or private interests that is liable to affect (or to appear to affect) the independent, unbiased and objective performance of a civil servant’s duties. (As per article 2 of the law of April 20, 2016 relating to civil servants’ ethics, rights and duties).

An offence that covers the replication, representation or dissemination – by any means whatsoever - of intellectual work, that constitutes a copyright infringement, as laid out and governed by law. (Intellectual Property Code, article L335-3)