When a person having public authority or tasked with a public service mission or a person with a public elective mandate directly or indirectly takes, receives or retains any interest whatsoever in a company or in an operation in which they have full or partial monitoring, administration, liquidation or payment duties, at the time of the act (Wikipedia).

Failure to appropriately acknowledge other people’s contributions, in line with their respective contributions and with authorship policies applicable to the publications concerned. Inappropriate citation also encompasses omitting to cite the source of funding of one’s research activities, as required by funding organizations (FRQ).

Citing co-candidates, co-workers or partners without their consent (CNRC).

Willful or unintentional inappropriate criticism of projects, programs or manuscripts (Liège Univ.).

Accepting partnership agreements that do not ensure the researcher’s independence of judgment, restrict their freedom to publish (in particular negative results) or impose a right to review their publications that exceeds what is reasonably necessary for the preservation of potential copyrights (Liège Univ.).