Deliberately obstructing the work of fellow researchers from the same research group or from a different group, in particular by removing research equipment, devices, core data and other consigned work, or rendering them inoperable, in a targeted manner (Liège Univ).

The artificial proliferation of publications. For example, when the same research work leads to other almost identical publications.

By international consensus, fraud is defined as a "serious and intentional violation in the conduct of research and the dissemination of results”. It excludes “bona fide errors or honest differences of opinion”. (Pigenet)